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Computer Networking Tips and Tricks

Computer Networking  Tips and Tricks

NETWORK: A network is a collection of computers connected together.

NETWORKING: is a process of communication between the interconnected devices basically to 

share the network resources.

Benefits of Networking:

1. Share resources.

 i) Data                       

ii) Hardware

2. Share Software
3. Sharing of license

Network is a collection of computers connected together to get benefited from networking.

Networking: Networking is a process of communication among systems.

Types of Networks:

 1)    Local Area Network (LAN):-

          Systems connected within the same geographical area is called LAN. A LAN can span 2

 kilometers.

Components of LAN:-

1.    NIC (Network Interface Card)

2.    Cable – Co axial, cat5 or cat6

3.    Hubs or Switches.

 2)    Metropolitan Area Networking ( MAN):-

           Is a combination of LANs or WANS located and connected within the same city.

Components of MAN:

1.  Router

2.  Brouter (Brouter is a combination of bridge or router)

3.  ATM Switches

4.  DSL connectivity (DSL – Digital Subscriber Link) ex: Star cables

3) Wide Area Networking (WAN):-

            Interconnection of LANs or MANs located within the same geographical area or different 

area it depends on telecommunication services.

Components of WAN: Same as MAN:


Networking devices:

Hubs, Switches, Routers and NICs.

HUB: Hub is a centralized device provides communication among systems when we have more 

than 2 computers we need to have a device called hub to interconnect.

Disadvantage of a Hub:

When we want to transfer some data from one system to another system.

If our network has 24 systems the data packet instead of being sent only to the destined system it is

 being send to all the network participants. (i.e. 24 systems.) Hubs follow broadcasting

SWITCH: It is an advanced version over a Hub.

The main benefit of switch is Uni cast. Data packets are transmitted only to the target computer 

instead of all.Switch maintains a table called MIT (Mac Information Table.) which is generated as 

soon as we turn on the switch, which acts like an index table and easy the process of finding the 

networked system. MIT contains the port no, IP address and MAC address.

MAC: (Media Access Control): It is an address burnt in the NIC by the manufacturer.

MAC address is of 48 bits in the farm of Hexadecimal.

Every NIC has its own unique MAC address.

MAC address determines the physical location of a system.

ROUTER: Router is a device connects two different networks.

   Class A network with Class C network etc.Routing is a process of communication between two 

different networks.

Network Topologies:

The way of cabling is called topology.The architecture of a network is called topology

E.g.: Bus, Star, Ring, and Mesh Topological.

Bus Topology:

Components of Bus Topology:

1. Co-axial cable (back bone cable)
2. T- connectors
3. BNC (British Network Connector)
4. Terminator
5. Patch cable

                                                   

Disadvantages of Bus:

 If anything goes wrong with backbone cable whole network is down.Follows a serial 

communication.

Outdated these days.

Star Topology:

Star topology is an advanced version over bus topology. Where it uses either a hub or a switch, it 

uses cat5/6 cables.It uses connecters called (Recommend Jack) - RJ45 Star topology offers faster 

data transfer or processing.

Ring Topology:

Ring topology is useful when we want redundancy (fault tolerance) we go with this type of topology.

Ring topology uses a device called MSAU. (Multi Station Access Unit). It is a unit inside which a 

logical ring is formed. This ring ensures the availability of Network. The availability of ring ensures 

availability of network.

It was basically implemented in IBM networks.

Logical Topologies: are two types

1. Work group. 
2. Domain

Workgroup (peer to peer):

·         Collection of computers connected together to share the resources.

·         No servers are used.

·         Only Client OS is mostly used.

·         Any O/S like, DOS, 95, 98, workstation, win 2000 pro, and XP pro can be configured as 

      work-group model.

·         Suitable for smaller organizations.

·         Where security is not the criteria.

·         No administrator is required

·         Where we are not using client server based applications. Like oracle, SQL and exchange

       etc.

Domain (Client/Server):-

Domain is a collection of computers connected together with a server and users.Domain model can 

have servers like UNIX, Novell NetWare, WIN-NT server, 2000 server, and 2003 server. Provides 

centralized administration. Suitable for medium to large size networks/organizations. Suitable 

when we have client server architecture (Back ends & front ends)

                                

Domain offers security and provides logon authentication.Suitable if security is criteria Requires an 

administrator.

The history of MS Network O/S:

1. Desktop O.S.: DOS, 95, WKS, 98, 2k Prof., XP-Prof.

2. Network O.S.: UNIX, Win NT server 4.0, Win 2000 server, Win 2003 server. Windows 2008

                                     Server, Windows 2012 Server, Windows 2016 Server.

Win NT 3.1 – was introduced in 1993

Win NT 3.5 – was introduced in 1994

Win NT 4.0 – was introduced in 1996

Win NT5.0 was renamed as windows 2000 server.

NET server was renamed as windows 2003 server

    

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

Windows 2003 Standard Edition: Ø  RAM: Min:128 MB Ø  Rec: 256 MB Ø  Max. RAM 4 GB Ø  Processor: Pentium 550 MHz Ø  HDD free space 1.5GB Ø  SMP: 4 processors	Windows 2003 Enterprise Editions: Ø  RAM: Min:128 MB Ø  Rec: 256 MB Ø  Max. RAM 16 GB Ø  Processor: Pentium 733MHz Ø  HDD free space 1.5GB Ø  SMP:16  processors
Windows 2003 Web Edition: Ø  RAM: Min:128 MB Ø  Rec: 256 MB Ø  Max. RAM 2 GB Ø  Processor: Pentium 550 MHz Ø  HDD free space 1.5GB Ø  SMP: 2  processors	Windows 2003 Data Center Edition: Ø  RAM: Min: 1GB Ø  Rec: 2GB Ø  Max. RAM 64 GB Ø  Processor: Pentium 733MHz Ø  HDD free space 1.5GB Ø  SMP: 64 processors

                                                         

IP Addressing:

There are two versions of IP

1. IP version 4: offers IP up to 4.2 billion (32 bit size)

2. IP version 6: 128 bit size.

IP address is used for identifying the system and provides communication.

IP address is of 32 bits divided in four octets.

Each Octet is of 8 bits, separated by a (.) dot.

IP is a combination of Network ID & Host ID.

Uses sub net mask to differentiate Network ID with Host ID.

Sub net mask acts like a mask between Network ID & the Host ID.

Numbers range between 0-255.

Organizations responsible for assigning IPs to clients:-

IANA: Internet Assign Naming Authority.

ICANN: Internet Corporation assigning for name Numbers.

IANA has classified IP addressing into classes.

Class A:           1-126 (used in LAN/WAN)

Class B:           128 – 191 (used in LAN/WAN)

Class C:          192 – 223 (used in LAN/WAN)

Class D:          224 – 239 (used for multi casting)

Class E:           240 – 254 (used for experimentation & research)

Class	Format	No of Network	No of Hosts	Subnet mask	Range
A	N.H.H.H	28-1   126	224 – 2 16.777.214	255.0.0.0	1 – 126
B	N.N.H.H	216-2  16.384	216 – 2 65.534	255.255.0.0	128 - 191
C	N.N.N.H	224-3  2.097.152	28 – 2   254	255.255.255.0	192 – 223
D	MULTICAST	N/A	N/A	N/A	224 – 239
E	RESEARCH	N/A	N/A	N/A	240 - 254

Class A:The first octet is reserved for network ID.The first bit of first octet is always (0).

Class B: The first two octets are reserved for Network IDs.The first two bits of first octet are 

              reserved as (10)

Class C: The first three octets are reserved as network portions. The first three bits of first octet are

               reserved as (110)

Class D: Used for Multi-casting.  The first four bits of first octet are reserved as (1110)

Class D: Used for Experimentation. The first four bits of first octet are reserved as (1111)

                                            

The first bit of first octet is called as priority bit which determines the class of N/W

0.0.0.0. Are reserved as Network ID.

255.255.255.255 is reserved as broadcast ID.

127.0.0.1 Is reserved as loop back ID

Implementing/Configuring TCP/IP.

On My Desktop

Right click on my network places-properties

Double click local area network-Select properties

Click-Use the following ip address

Specify the address in the box

DNS also same as IP address.

Verifying:

Go to command prompt

Type” ping IP address”. (PING: Packet Internet Groper)



Difference IPv4 and IPv6 Address:-

IPv4 Address.

Number of octets: Four 

Binary example: 11000000.10101000.00010100.01100100

Decimal example: 192.168.0.100 

Number of IP addresses: 4,294,467,295 (2 to the power of 32) 

IPv6 Addresses.

Number of octets: Sixteen 

Binary example: 11010001.11011100.11001001.01110001.11011100. 

11001100.01110001.11010001.11011100.11001001. 

11010001.11011100.11001001.01110001.00000010.11011110 

Hexadecimal example: A524:72D3:2C80:DD02:0029:EC7A:002B:EA73 

Number of addresses: 3.4 x 10 to the power of 38 

IPv6 Number of addresses: 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 

(that’s approximately a trillion addresses to every human being on the planet!)

Types of IPv6 Address:-

TYPE OF COMMUNICATION AND ADDRESSES

·         UNICAST:-ONE –TO-ONE

·         

·      ·       MULTICAST:-ONE-TO-MANY

·         ANYCAST:-ONE-TO-CLOSEST

·         LINK-LOCAL SCOPE ADDRESS: LAYER 2 DOMAIN

·         UNIQUE/SITE-LOCAL  SCOPE ADDRESS: ORGANIZATION

·         GLOBAL  SCOPE ADDRESS:INTERNET

GLOBAL SCOPE /   UNIQUE/SITE SCOPE  /LINK-LOCAL  SCOPE

LINK-LOCAL  SCOPE ADDRESS:-

·        ASSIGNED AUTOMATICALLY AS AN IPV6 HOST COMES ONLINE  SIMILAR TO THE 

         169.254.X.X .

     

         ADDRESS OF IP4  ALWAYS BEGIN WITH     “FE80” (FIRST 10 BITS: 1111 1110 10)  FOLLOWED
          
        BY 54. 

         

         BITS OF ZEROS:-

·       LAST 64 BITS IS THE 48-BIT MAC ADDRESS WITH “FFFE” SQUEEZED    IN THE MIDDLE

EXAMPLE :-

1111 1110 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 : MAC ADDRESS 14DAE976097F

                                                                          LAST 64 BIT

                                                                          14DA:E9FF:FE46:097F

 

UNIQUE-LOCAL (RFC 4193) / SITE-LOCAL (RFC 3513)  ADDRESS:-

  
THE PURPOSE OF THIS ADDRESS HAS BEEN ARGUED INTENSIVELY 


USED WITHIN ENTERPRISE NETWORKS TO IDENTIFY THE BOUNTRY OF THEIR NETWORK

·     
       USES THE FOLLOWING FORMAT

        1111 110(L)      GLOBAL ID :    SUB NET ID :   INTERFACE ID

  FC00::/7               40 BITS                  16 BITS                 64 BITS      

1=LOCALLY ASSIGNED

0= FUTURE USE

·        CURRENTLY, THE SITE ADDRESSES BEGIN WITH FD00::/8

               EXAMPLE START IP ADDRESS:- FD10:0000:0000:0000/0000:0000:0000:0000

EX:- HOST IP ADDRESS:- 0000:0000:0000:0001-0000:0000:0000:9999

               EX:- SUBNET IP ADDRESS :- FD10::0001 ( 0001-0002) 


                       FOR SUB NET ADDRESS  FD10::1:1/64

GLOBAL SCOPE –ADDRESS:-

·        HAVE THEIR HIGH-LEVEL 3 BIT SET TO 001 (2000::/3)

     N BITS                              64-N BITS                                 64 BITS

GLOBAL ROUTING                    SUB NET ID                   INTERFACE ID   PREFIX 001

·        GLOBAL ROUTING PREFIX IS 48 BITS OR LESS

·        SUB NET ID IS COMPRISED OF WHATEVER BITS ARE LEFT OVER AFTER GLOBAL ROUTING 

         PREFIX

·        THE PRIMARY ADDRESSES EXPECTED TO COMPRISE THE IPV6 INTERNET ARE FROM THE 2001::/16 


          SUB NET

EXAMPLE:- 2001:1:0:......................

                   1 IS ASSIGN FOR INDIA TO IMAGINE THESE

AND NEXT ONE SUB NET IS 65535 IP USED.

              2001:1:0:1000:..........INTERFACE  ID----64 BITS

Just like IPv4’s Uni-cast-  Broadcast and Multicast addresses that defines the basics of

 communication and connectivity on the internet, IPv6 managed to remove the broadcast 

(because of the difficulties it causes on a network through looping) from the trio and 

introduced Any-cast.  

Lets look at these IPv6 address types in detail below:

Uni-cast Address: Packets addressed to a uni-cast address is destined for a 

single interface. This can also referred to as one –to-one ipv6 address. Other 

different type of uni-cast addressing is Global, Link local, Site local.

Global Uni-cast Address:

An IPv6 uni-cast address is globally rout-able on the public internet. It shares the 

same address format as an IPv6 any-cast address. Global uni-cast addresses are 

assigned by the 

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). 

Link-local Addresses:-

These are private address that is not meant to be routed on the internet. They can 

be used locally by private or temporary LAN's for sharing and distribution of file 

among devices on the LAN.

Unique local  address: -

This type of ipv6 address also  not intended to be routed on the public internet. 

Unique local is a replacement of site-local address, that allows communication 

within a site while being rout able to a multiple local networks.

Multicast Address:-

This can also be referred to as One-to-Many. Packets addressed to multicast 

address are delivered to all interface identified by the multicast address. 

Multicast address types are easily notable because they normally  begins with FF.

Anycast: This form of ipv6 address is similar to the multicast address with a 

slight difference. Any-cast address can also be referred to as One to Nearest. It 

can  be used to address packets meant for multiple interfaces; but usually it sends 

packets to the first interface it finds as defined in the routing distance. This 

means it send packets to the closest interface as determined by routing 

protocols.

 Any-cast address is a very special ipv6 addressing type such that it can 

also be used to deliver a packet to more than one interface which  also helped 

earn the name as One-to-One or Many address!