Computer Networking Tips and Tricks
NETWORK: A network is a collection of computers connected together.
NETWORKING: is a process of communication between the interconnected devices
basically to
share the network resources.
Benefits of Networking:
- Share
resources.
i) Data
ii)
Hardware
- Share Software
- Sharing
of license
Network is a collection of
computers connected together to get benefited from networking.
Networking: Networking is a
process of communication among systems.
Types of Networks:
1)
Local Area Network (LAN):-
Systems connected within the same geographical area is called LAN. A LAN can
span 2
kilometers.
Components
of LAN:-
1.
NIC (Network Interface
Card)
2.
Cable – Co axial, cat5 or
cat6
3.
Hubs or Switches.
2)
Metropolitan Area
Networking ( MAN):-
Is a combination of LANs or WANS located and connected within
the same city.
Components
of MAN:
1. Router
2. Brouter (Brouter is a combination of bridge or router)
3. ATM
Switches
4. DSL
connectivity (DSL – Digital Subscriber Link) ex: Star cables
3) Wide Area Networking (WAN):-
Interconnection of LANs or MANs located within the same geographical area or
different
area it depends on telecommunication services.
Components
of WAN: Same as MAN:
Networking devices:
Networking devices:
Hubs, Switches, Routers and NICs.
HUB: Hub is a centralized
device provides communication among systems when we have more
than 2 computers
we need to have a device called hub to interconnect.
Disadvantage of a Hub:
When we want to transfer some
data from one system to another system.
If our network has 24 systems the
data packet instead of being sent only to the destined system it is
being send
to all the network participants. (i.e. 24 systems.) Hubs follow broadcasting
SWITCH: It is an advanced
version over a Hub.
The main benefit of switch is Uni cast. Data packets are transmitted only to the target computer
instead of all.Switch maintains a table called MIT (Mac Information Table.) which is generated as
soon as we turn on the switch, which acts like an index table and easy the process of finding the
networked system. MIT contains the port no, IP address and MAC address.
instead of all.Switch maintains a table called MIT (Mac Information Table.) which is generated as
soon as we turn on the switch, which acts like an index table and easy the process of finding the
networked system. MIT contains the port no, IP address and MAC address.
MAC: (Media Access Control): It
is an address burnt in the NIC by the manufacturer.
MAC address is of 48 bits in the
farm of Hexadecimal.
Every NIC has its own unique MAC
address.
MAC address determines the
physical location of a system.
ROUTER: Router is a device
connects two different networks.
Class A network with Class C
network etc.Routing is a process of
communication between two
different networks.
Network Topologies:
The way of cabling is called
topology.The architecture of a network is
called topology
E.g.: Bus, Star, Ring, and Mesh Topological.
Bus Topology:
Components of Bus Topology:
- Co-axial
cable (back bone cable)
- T-
connectors
- BNC
(British Network Connector)
- Terminator
- Patch
cable
Disadvantages of Bus:
If anything goes wrong with backbone cable
whole network is down.Follows a serial
communication.
communication.
Outdated these days.
Star Topology:
Star topology is an advanced
version over bus topology. Where it uses either a hub or a switch, it
uses
cat5/6 cables.It uses connecters called
(Recommend Jack) - RJ45 Star topology offers faster
data
transfer or processing.
Ring Topology:
Ring topology is useful when we
want redundancy (fault tolerance) we go with this type of topology.
Ring topology uses a device
called MSAU. (Multi Station Access Unit). It is a unit inside which a
logical ring is formed. This ring ensures the availability of Network. The
availability of ring ensures
availability of network.
It was basically implemented in
IBM networks.
Logical Topologies: are
two types
- Work
group.
- Domain
Workgroup
(peer to peer):
·
Collection
of computers connected together to share the resources.
·
No servers are used.
·
Only Client OS is mostly
used.
·
Any O/S like, DOS, 95, 98,
workstation, win 2000 pro, and XP pro can be configured as
work-group model.
·
Suitable for smaller
organizations.
·
Where security is not the
criteria.
·
No administrator is
required
·
Where we are not using
client server based applications. Like oracle, SQL and exchange
etc.
Domain
(Client/Server):-
Domain is a collection of
computers connected together with a server and users.Domain model can
have servers
like UNIX, Novell NetWare, WIN-NT server, 2000 server, and 2003 server. Provides
centralized
administration. Suitable for medium to large size
networks/organizations. Suitable
when we have client server architecture (Back ends & front ends)
when we have client server architecture (Back ends & front ends)
Domain offers security and
provides logon authentication.Suitable if security is criteria Requires an
administrator.
The history of MS Network O/S:
1. Desktop O.S.: DOS, 95, WKS, 98, 2k Prof., XP-Prof.
2. Network O.S.: UNIX, Win NT server 4.0, Win 2000 server, Win 2003 server. Windows 2008
Server, Windows 2012 Server, Windows 2016 Server.
Server, Windows 2012 Server, Windows 2016 Server.
Win NT 3.1 – was introduced in
1993
Win NT 3.5 – was introduced in
1994
Win NT 4.0 – was introduced in
1996
Win NT5.0 was renamed as windows
2000 server.
NET server was renamed as
windows 2003 server
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
Windows 2003 Standard
Edition:
Ø RAM: Min:128 MB
Ø Rec: 256 MB
Ø Max. RAM 4 GB
Ø Processor: Pentium 550 MHz
Ø HDD free space 1.5GB
Ø SMP: 4 processors
|
Windows 2003
Ø RAM: Min:128 MB
Ø Rec: 256 MB
Ø Max. RAM 16 GB
Ø Processor: Pentium 733MHz
Ø HDD free space 1.5GB
Ø SMP:16 processors
|
Windows 2003 Web Edition:
Ø RAM: Min:128 MB
Ø Rec: 256 MB
Ø Max. RAM 2 GB
Ø Processor: Pentium 550 MHz
Ø HDD free space 1.5GB
Ø SMP: 2 processors
|
Windows 2003
Ø RAM: Min: 1GB
Ø Rec: 2GB
Ø Max. RAM 64 GB
Ø Processor: Pentium 733MHz
Ø HDD free space 1.5GB
Ø SMP: 64 processors
|
IP Addressing:
There are two versions of IP
1. IP version 4: offers IP up to 4.2 billion (32 bit size)
2. IP version 6: 128 bit size.
IP address is used for
identifying the system and provides communication.
IP address is of 32 bits divided
in four octets.
Each Octet is of 8 bits, separated
by a (.) dot.
IP is a combination of Network ID
& Host ID.
Uses sub net mask to differentiate
Network ID with Host ID.
Sub net mask acts like a mask
between Network ID & the Host ID.
Numbers range between 0-255.
Organizations responsible for
assigning IPs to clients:-
IANA: Internet Assign Naming
Authority.
ICANN: Internet Corporation
assigning for name Numbers.
IANA has classified IP addressing
into classes.
Class A: 1-126 (used in LAN/WAN)
Class B: 128
– 191 (used in LAN/WAN)
Class C: 192 – 223 (used in LAN/WAN)
Class D: 224 – 239 (used for multi casting)
Class E: 240 – 254 (used for experimentation & research)
Class
|
Format
|
No of Network
|
No of Hosts
|
Subnet mask
|
Range
|
A
|
N.H.H.H
|
28-1 126
|
224 – 2 16.777.214
|
255.0.0.0
|
1 – 126
|
B
|
N.N.H.H
|
216-2 16.384
|
216 – 2 65.534
|
255.255.0.0
|
128 - 191
|
C
|
N.N.N.H
|
224-3 2.097.152
|
28 – 2 254
|
255.255.255.0
|
192 – 223
|
D
|
MULTICAST
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
224 – 239
|
E
|
RESEARCH
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
240 - 254
|
Class A:The first octet is
reserved for network ID.The first bit of first octet is
always (0).
Class B: The first two octets are
reserved for Network IDs.The first two bits of first octet
are
reserved as (10)
Class C: The first three octets
are reserved as network portions. The first three bits of first
octet are
reserved as (110)
Class D: Used for Multi-casting. The first four bits of first
octet are reserved as (1110)
Class D: Used for
Experimentation. The first four bits of first
octet are reserved as (1111)
The first bit of first octet is
called as priority bit which determines the class of N/W
0.0.0.0. Are reserved as Network ID.
255.255.255.255 is reserved as
broadcast ID.
127.0.0.1 Is reserved as loop
back ID
Implementing/Configuring TCP/IP.
On My Desktop
Right click on my network
places-properties
Double click local area
network-Select properties
Click-Use the following ip
address
Specify the address in the box
DNS also same as IP address.
Verifying:
Go to command prompt
Type” ping IP address”. (PING : Packet Internet Groper)
Difference IPv4 and IPv6 Address:-
TYPE OF COMMUNICATION AND ADDRESSES
· UNICAST:-ONE –TO-ONE
· ANYCAST:-ONE-TO-CLOSEST
· LINK-LOCAL SCOPE ADDRESS: LAYER 2 DOMAIN
· UNIQUE/SITE-LOCAL SCOPE ADDRESS: ORGANIZATION
· GLOBAL SCOPE ADDRESS:INTERNET
Difference IPv4 and IPv6 Address:-
IPv4
Address.
Number of
octets: Four
Binary
example:
11000000.10101000.00010100.01100100
Decimal
example: 192.168.0.100
Number of
IP addresses: 4,294,467,295 (2 to the power of
32)
IPv6
Addresses.
Number of
octets: Sixteen
Binary
example: 11010001.11011100.11001001.01110001.11011100.
11001100.01110001.11010001.11011100.11001001.
11010001.11011100.11001001.01110001.00000010.11011110
Hexadecimal
example:
A524:72D3:2C80:DD02:0029:EC7A:002B:EA73
Number of
addresses: 3.4 x 10 to the power of 38
IPv6 Number of addresses:
340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456
(that’s approximately a
trillion addresses to every human being on the planet!)
Types of IPv6 Address:-
TYPE OF COMMUNICATION AND ADDRESSES
· UNICAST:-ONE –TO-ONE
·
· · MULTICAST:-ONE-TO-MANY
· ANYCAST:-ONE-TO-CLOSEST
· LINK-LOCAL SCOPE ADDRESS: LAYER 2 DOMAIN
· UNIQUE/SITE-LOCAL SCOPE ADDRESS: ORGANIZATION
· GLOBAL SCOPE ADDRESS:INTERNET
GLOBAL
SCOPE / UNIQUE/SITE SCOPE /LINK-LOCAL
SCOPE
LINK-LOCAL SCOPE ADDRESS:-
·
ASSIGNED
AUTOMATICALLY AS AN IPV6 HOST COMES ONLINE SIMILAR
TO THE
169.254.X.X .
169.254.X.X .
ADDRESS OF IP4 ALWAYS
BEGIN WITH “FE80” (FIRST 10 BITS: 1111 1110 10) FOLLOWED
BY 54.
BY 54.
BITS OF ZEROS:-
· LAST
64 BITS IS THE 48-BIT MAC ADDRESS WITH “FFFE” SQUEEZED IN THE MIDDLE
EXAMPLE
:-
1111
1110 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 : MAC ADDRESS 14DAE976097F
LAST 64 BIT
14DA:E9FF:FE46:097F
UNIQUE-LOCAL
(RFC 4193) / SITE-LOCAL (RFC 3513)
ADDRESS:-
THE PURPOSE OF THIS ADDRESS HAS BEEN ARGUED INTENSIVELY
USED WITHIN ENTERPRISE NETWORKS TO IDENTIFY THE BOUNTRY OF THEIR NETWORK
THE PURPOSE OF THIS ADDRESS HAS BEEN ARGUED INTENSIVELY
USED WITHIN ENTERPRISE NETWORKS TO IDENTIFY THE BOUNTRY OF THEIR NETWORK
·
USES THE FOLLOWING FORMAT
1111 110(L) GLOBAL ID : SUB NET ID : INTERFACE ID
USES THE FOLLOWING FORMAT
1111 110(L) GLOBAL ID : SUB NET ID : INTERFACE ID
FC00::/7 40 BITS 16 BITS 64 BITS
1=LOCALLY ASSIGNED
0=
FUTURE USE
·
CURRENTLY,
THE SITE ADDRESSES BEGIN WITH FD00::/8
EXAMPLE START IP ADDRESS:-
FD10:0000:0000:0000/0000:0000:0000:0000
EX:-
HOST IP ADDRESS:- 0000:0000:0000:0001-0000:0000:0000:9999
EX:- SUBNET IP ADDRESS :- FD10::0001
( 0001-0002)
FOR SUB NET ADDRESS FD10::1:1/64
FOR SUB NET ADDRESS FD10::1:1/64
GLOBAL
SCOPE –ADDRESS:-
·
HAVE
THEIR HIGH-LEVEL 3 BIT SET TO 001 (2000::/3)
N BITS 64-N BITS 64 BITS
GLOBAL
ROUTING SUB NET ID INTERFACE ID PREFIX
001
·
GLOBAL
ROUTING PREFIX IS 48 BITS OR LESS
· SUB NET ID IS COMPRISED OF WHATEVER BITS ARE LEFT OVER AFTER GLOBAL ROUTING
PREFIX
PREFIX
·
THE
PRIMARY ADDRESSES EXPECTED TO COMPRISE THE IPV6 INTERNET ARE FROM THE 2001::/16
SUB NET
EXAMPLE:-
2001:1:0:......................
1 IS ASSIGN FOR INDIA TO
IMAGINE THESE
AND
NEXT ONE SUB NET IS 65535 IP USED.
2001:1:0:1000:..........INTERFACE
ID----64 BITS
Just like IPv4’s Uni-cast- Broadcast and Multicast addresses that defines the basics of
communication and connectivity on the internet, IPv6 managed to remove the broadcast
(because of the difficulties it causes on a network through looping) from the trio and
introduced Any-cast.
Lets look at these IPv6 address
types in detail below:
Uni-cast Address: Packets addressed to a uni-cast address is destined for a
single interface. This can also referred to as one –to-one ipv6 address. Other
different type of uni-cast addressing is Global, Link local, Site local.
single interface. This can also referred to as one –to-one ipv6 address. Other
different type of uni-cast addressing is Global, Link local, Site local.
Global Uni-cast Address:
An IPv6 uni-cast address is globally rout-able on the public internet. It shares the
same address format as an IPv6 any-cast address. Global uni-cast addresses are
assigned by the
same address format as an IPv6 any-cast address. Global uni-cast addresses are
assigned by the
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).
Link-local
Addresses:-
These are private address that is
not meant to be routed on the internet. They can
be used locally by private or temporary LAN's for sharing and distribution of file
among devices on the LAN.
be used locally by private or temporary LAN's for sharing and distribution of file
among devices on the LAN.
Unique
local address: -
This type of ipv6 address also
not intended to be routed on the public internet.
Unique local is a replacement of site-local address, that allows communication
within a site while being rout able to a multiple local networks.
Unique local is a replacement of site-local address, that allows communication
within a site while being rout able to a multiple local networks.
Multicast
Address:-
This can also be referred to as
One-to-Many. Packets addressed to multicast
address are delivered to all interface identified by the multicast address.
Multicast address types are easily notable because they normally begins with FF.
address are delivered to all interface identified by the multicast address.
Multicast address types are easily notable because they normally begins with FF.
Anycast: This form of ipv6 address is similar
to the multicast address with a
slight difference. Any-cast address can also be referred to as One to Nearest. It
can be used to address packets meant for multiple interfaces; but usually it sends
packets to the first interface it finds as defined in the routing distance. This
means it send packets to the closest interface as determined by routing
protocols.
Any-cast address is a very special ipv6 addressing type such that it can
also be used to deliver a packet to more than one interface which also helped
earn the name as One-to-One or Many address!
slight difference. Any-cast address can also be referred to as One to Nearest. It
can be used to address packets meant for multiple interfaces; but usually it sends
packets to the first interface it finds as defined in the routing distance. This
means it send packets to the closest interface as determined by routing
protocols.
Any-cast address is a very special ipv6 addressing type such that it can
also be used to deliver a packet to more than one interface which also helped
earn the name as One-to-One or Many address!
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